Which method is least likely to affect local hydrology during energy resource acquisition?

The method that is least likely to affect local hydrology during energy resource acquisition is the installation of solar panels. Solar panel installation primarily involves placing photovoltaic systems on rooftops or on land without significant disruption to the existing soil structure or water flow. Unlike other methods that directly interact with water sources or require substantial alterations to the landscape, solar installations simply convert sunlight into electricity without extracting or consuming water.

In contrast, shallow drilling for oil can alter groundwater levels and introduce contaminants, using water from aquifers for industrial purposes can deplete these vital resources, and natural gas extraction methods often involve hydraulic fracturing, which poses risks of water contamination and shifts in hydrological patterns due to the large amounts of water needed and the chemicals used in the process. Thus, solar panel installation presents a minimal intrusive impact on local water systems, making it the least disruptive method in terms of hydrology.