What is the process by which soil is formed from parent rock?

Soil formation is the correct process by which soil develops from parent rock. This process involves several factors, including weathering, biological activity, and the influence of climate.

Initially, the parent rock undergoes mechanical and chemical weathering, breaking down the minerals into smaller particles. As this happens, organic material from decomposed plants and microorganisms contributes to the developing soil layer, adding nutrients and enhancing the soil's ability to support plant life. Over time, these processes lead to the formation of distinct soil horizons, which are layers that vary in composition, texture, and structure, leading to the diverse soils we find in nature.

In contrast, soil erosion refers to the removal of the upper layer of soil, often caused by wind or water, which does not contribute to soil formation but rather depletes existing soil. Soil depletion indicates a loss of soil nutrients and fertility typically due to unsustainable agricultural practices. Soil fertilization involves adding nutrients to the soil to improve its fertility, which does not relate to the actual formation process of soil from rock.

Understanding these concepts is fundamental for recognizing the life cycle of soil and its importance in ecosystems.